Apparatus for producing images



Sept. 10 1940,

J. z, DENINSON APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING IMAGES Filed Bay 26, 1938 4Sfieeta-Sheet v %E NTOR. JMZ 07: 774cm ATTORNEYS.

p 10, 1940' r J. z. DENINSON 2,214,013

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p 10, 1940- J. z. DENINSON QPFARATUS FRODUCING' INAGES 4, Shaets-$heat 4Filed Nay 2s, 2.938

f7g-l9 v ATTORNEY.

Patented Sept. 10, 1940 UNITED srnrrzs PATENT OFFICE 9 Claims.

My invention relates to a new and improved apparatus for producing theimages (real or virtual) or visual matter of all kinds, such as letters,Words, numbers, pictures, and symbols, etc. from visual elements of saidmatter, which can be assembled optically by means 01" special opticalscanning apparatus.

One of the objects of the invention is to provide means whereby visualelements can be provided upon a sheet of paper or other carrier,transparent or opaque or translucent, and said visual elements can beassembled by means of suitable optical scanning apparatus so as toproduce a letter, a word, a picture or a symbol or visual matter of anykind.

Another object of the invention is to provide means whereby a series ofsets of visual elements can be provided upon a sheet or tape or carrierof any kind, and relative movement is provided between said carrier andoptical scanning apparatus so as to produce a succession of letters,numbers, pictures, or the like.

Another object is to provide a system of the general type previouslydescribed, for advertis ing, making announcements of all kinds, forpreparing photo-mechanical printing plates, and for all other purposes.

Another object of the invention is to provide a plurality of carriers,such as transparent films or the like, upon which visual elements can berecorded so as to project a series of pictures or the like by suitablerelative movements between the respective films or carriers, and opticalscanning or projecting apparatus.

Another object of the invention is to provide a simple means wherebyvisual matter, such as one or more letters, numbers, words, pictures orthe like, can be separated into one or more sets of visual elements byoptical scanning means and said visual elements can be photographed upona suitable light-sensitive medium.

Another object of the invention is to provide an. improved motionpicture film and an improved means of motion picture projection, wherebyone or more films can be actuated, either intermittently orcontinuously. One of the important features oi the invention is toprovide an improved motion picture film and a means of projecting thesame, whereby the film can be moved continuously in a singlepredetermined di-- rection.

Other objects of the invention will be set forth in the followingdescription and drawings which illustrate various preferred embodimentsthereof, it being understood that the above statement of the objects ofmy invention is intended generally to explain the same without limitingit in any manner.

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic top plan view illustrating iour films or othercarriers, located one behind the other, and optical scanning meansconsisting of a plurality of cylinders, which are located in suitableoptical relation to said four carriers. Fig. 1 illustrates how visualelements which are provided on said carriers may be optically assembledsoas to form visual matter of any kind, such as letters or the like. Italso illustrates how the process can be reversed photographically, byseparating visual matter such as letters or the like into their visualelements, by means of suitable optical scanning apparatus and byphotographically recording said separated visual elements on suitablecarriers.

Figs. 2-5 are respectively diagrammatic elevations of the four carriersor films shown in Fig. i.

Fig. 6 is an elevation showing the visual elements of the letter A.

Hg. '7 shows the letter A in the image size which is assembled from theelements oi Fig. 6, by cylindrical optical scanning means.

Fig. 8 shows a series of visual elements which are located on the samecarrier, and which can be scanned successively to produce the images ofthe letters K, L, M, in succession.

Fig. 9 is a front elevation showing a modification of the invention,using only two films or cer= riers.

Fig. 10 is an end elevation of a pair of films of the kind shown in Fig.9. Fig. 10 also shows the optical means in side elevation.

,l igs. 11-l5 respectively show the longitudinal movements of the filmsillustrated in Fig. 9, in order to scan or project a series of picturesor the like.

Fig. 16 is an elevation of a single motion picture film made accordingto another embodiment of the invention, and which can be movedcontinuously in a single predetermined directi n, in order to projectthe pictures recorded on. said film.

Fig. 17 shows a modification which applies to Figs. 5, 8 and 16, wherebythe longitudinal panels are subdivided horizontally into sub-panels inorder to econcmize'space.

Fig. 18 shows the optical scanning means which is used to scan theembodiment of Fig. 17, and said Fig. 18 shows a plurality of cylindershaving vertical axes, combined with a plurality of cylinders havinghorizontal axes.

Fig. 19 is an optical diagram showing how the cylinders cause the lightrays to converge towardsa common point, which may be the optical centreof the projection lens system.

Fig. 20 is an optical diagram showing the action of the crossedcylinders which are shown in Fig. 18.

Fig. 21 is an optical diagram showing how the shift of the projectedimage .on the screen which is produced by the embodiments of Figs. 9, 16and 17, aids in securing the illusion of stereoscopic vision.

Fig. 22 is a diagrammatic view illustrating another embodiment of theinvention. This also explains the method of scanning of the embodimentshown in Figs. 16 and 1'7.

Referring .to Fig; ,6, this shows six visual elements l0, ll, l2, i211,l4 and I5, which are located respectively on five axial lines l6-29. Thevisual elements l2 and |2a are located on the same axial line Hi.

In order to scan the assembly of visual elements shown in Fig. 6, so asto produce the image of A in the size shown in Fig. '7, it is necessaryto use five cylinders made of glass or of other suitable transparent andrefracting material. The longitudinal axes of the respective cylindersshould register with the lines |6-20 respectively. The diameter of eachcylinder should be equal to the distance between any pair of theconsecutive axial lines "5-20, said lines being equally spaced in thisembodiment. These cylinders should contact along' respective linesthereof with the carrier shown in Fig. 6, or said cylinders can belocated very near said carrier.

When the five cylinders are thus placed in proper registration with thevisual elements shown in Fig. 6, and either contacting with saidelements or very close thereto, and said elements are then scannedeither by reflected light or by transmitted light, the upright realimage of A inthe size shown in Fig. '7, will be seen, The cylinders arebetween 'the eye of the observer and the carrier. If the cylinders arelocated between a camera and the carrier, and the camera is properlyfocussed, a picture of A can be taken by the comera. The cylinderslaterally magnify the visual elements, so that the base of A in Fig. '7is wider than the distance betweenlines l6 and 20. The visual elementsshown in Fig. 6

may be printed or otherwise provided on a transparentor opaque ortranslucent carrier. Transmitted light can be used as readily-asreflected letter or symbol could be thus separated into visual elementsalong any desired number of parallel lines. Ordinarily the minimumnumber of such lines is three, but I do not wish to be limited to theuse of anyparticularnumber of scanning lines.

For the sake of clearness, it will be assumed that five cylinders areused as the scanning means. If these five cylinders are placed in properrelation upon the letter A in Fig. 7, said letter A is separatedoptically by the cylinders into the visual elementsshown in Fig. 6,either by transmitted or reflected light The visual elements shown inFig. 6 can be printed photographically upon any suitable light-sensitivecarrier. The visual elementscan be provided upon a suitable carrier byprinting, painting or in any other manner.

Fig. 1 shows four carriers 2|, 22, 23 and 24, located one behind theother. These carriers may be transparent films or bands, made offlexible or rigid material, such as Celluloid, glass, etc.

In their locations shown in Fig. 1, the glass cylinders |6a, Ila, l8a,l9a, 20a will scan the sections or panels 25, 25a, 25b, 25c, and 25d ofcarrier 2|. Parallel light is passed through the planar carrier 2|, in adirection perpendicular to the plane thereof. Each cylinder may have adiameter of about 13 mm., or a little more than 0.50 inch. This figureis given merely as an example, and without limiting the dimensions ofthe cylinders. Each such cylinder corresponds optically to a thick lenswhich has a focal point external thereto. The respective external focalpoints are I61), I11), lab, I91) and 20b. Luminous 22, 23, and 2%, whichare intersected by lines R,

are blank, so as to form window sections which will not obstruct thescanning of the panels 25-25d, These lines R definethe scanning zone ofeach cylinder. Objects which are external to the cone which is definedby lines R, will not be scanned. Panel 25 can have visual element l0,panel 25a can have visual element panel 251) can have visual elements I2 and l2a, panel 250 can have visual element l9, and panel 2511 can havevisual element 2|]. In Figs. 2-5, the window sections are marked X. Thepanels 26, 26a, 26b, 26c, 26d, can have the visual elements of anotherletter thereon. The panels of member 2| are of the same size. Hence, ifcarrier 2| is shifted relative to the cylinders, until the median linesof panels 26-2611 respectively register with lines 5-20, the cylinderswill assemble a real image of another letter, such as B.

In the embodiment shown, the carrier 2| has seven series of panels, andeach series can have the respective visual elements of a letter orsymbol or the like. I I

The panels of carrier 22 are wider and they are of the same height asthe panels of carrier 2|. The greater width of the panels of carrier 22,is in accordance with the angle of each pair of rays R. For example, thepanels 21-2'Id can have the visual elements of a letter or symbol. Byproducing relative shifts between carrier 22 and the cylinders, carrier22 will consecutively produce the images of four letters, etc. Thewindows X of carrier 22 are of the same height as windows X of carrier2|. The windows of carrier 22 are wider than the windows of carrier 2 I.

The windows and panels of carriers 23 and 24 are also of the same heightas the windows and panels of carriers 2| and 22. These panels andwindows are of the same width in each carrier, and said width increasesfrom carrier to carrier, in accordance with the angle of lines R.

Thus carrier 23 has threeseries of panels, and

carrier 24 has'two series of panels.

Panels 28, 28a, 28b, 28c and 28d can have the visual elementsofa-letter, etc., and panels 29-29d have the visual elements of anotherletter. Each series of panels on each carrier can be scanned by movingthe vertical median lines of said panels into registration with lines IS-ZB, while the vertito the cylinders l6a-2iia,

short distance through which 2,214,018 cal median lines of windows ofthe other carriers 1 register with said lines I 6-20.

Any number of carriers can be used and said carriers can be in the formof flexible films which are moved between a magazine roll and a take-uproll Hence, words and messages of any kind can be readily formed inseries, or in consecutive order, for announcements, advertising, etc.

Since real images are formed by the cylinders, said images can berecorded photographically in any size upon a light-sensitive surface,such as the light-sensitive surfaces of plates which can be etched forphoto-engraving. Single letters can thus be recorded in consecutiveorder on different portions of a light-sensitive surface, so as tophotograph words, sentences, etc.

Pictures can be treated in the same manner as letters.

Only a very slight relative shift between the carriers and the cylindersis required to change from one symbol to another, so that the visualelements of the alphabet can be recorded on one carrier or on a smallnumber of carriers. The carriers can be shifted by remote control, suchas radio waves, etc.

The apparatus shown in Figs. 1-5 inclusive can be used in a projectorwithout a gate, because the cylinders scan and project selected panelsof the films or carriers. The device shown in Figs. 1-5 is not intendedprimarily for the projection of motion pictures, but it could be usedfor said apparatus if desired.

In order to give a definite example of the dimensions of the parts, thedistance between the points G and G may be equal to "A; of an inch andthe height of each of the films shown in Figs. 2-5 may be of an inch.This would correspond to the standard gate of a motion pictureprojector, said gate being ordinarily of rectangular shape, and having aheight of of an inch and a width of V of an inch. Therefore, the widthof each panel in each of the films shown in Figs. 2-5 is extremelysmall. Therefore, if the carriers 2i- 2=i are moved intermittentlyrelative through very short distances, which may be a fiftieth of aninch or even less, one picture will move out of the scanning zones andanother picture will move into the scanning zones. In Fig. 1 the filmsare located in vertical planes, with their longitudinal axes horizontal,and said films are moved in horizontal lines relative to the cylinders.Due to the very it is necessary to move the films relative to thecylinders, in order to substitute one picture for the other, it is notnecessary to use a shutter. In this embodiment the movement of the filmsor carriers relative to the cylinders, is preferably intermittent.

This is a continuation in part of my application Ser. No. 138,767, filedon April 24th, 1937, to which reference is made for further details,such .as various shapes and assemblies of optical elements.

If the visual elements are photographed on films, the windows should befree or substantially free of emulsion.

The front carrier 24, may have no symbols thereon, and the three panelsbetween each pair of windows X can be consecutively colored red, blue,green, and said carrier 24 can be reciprocated while another carrier isbeing scanned, so as to give color effects.

In Fig. 8, the visual elements of K elements 30, 3|,

are the 32, 33, 33a, 34, 34a. The visual elements of L are 35, 38, 31,38. The visual elements of M are 40, ll, 42, 43, and H.

In my previously filed application Ser. No. 138,767, I have describedhow a picture can be divided into separated segments or elements bymeans of a series of cylinders, and how the image of a picture can beformed by scanning said segments or elements by means of a number ofcylinders.

In this application, I have shown the use of a plurality of carriers,located one behind the other, and formed with suitable windows, so as tomake it possible to display a large number of symbols. The variousoptical methods and apparatus, and the various types of visual elementsdescribed in said application Ser. No. 138,767, can therefore be used inthis application.

In order to scan a series of visual elements of Fig. 8 so as to form theimage of K, the line I8 is caused to register with the vertical medianline of element 30; the line ll is caused to register with the verticalmedian line of element 3!; the line i8 is caused to register with thevertical median' line of element 82; line I 9 is caused to register withthe vertical median lines of elements 33 and 33a, line 20 is caused toregister with the vertical median lines of elements 3 and 34a. Byproducing a relative shift between the planar carrier illustrated inFig. 8, and the assembly of cylinders shown in Fig. 1, the next seriesof visual elements can be scanned so as to produce the image of L, etc.

For the sake of clearness, the carriers 2l-24 are shown as beingseparated from each other. These carriers should be 'very close to eachother or even touch each other, and they may be made very thin so thattheir total thickness can be disregarded for practical purposes.

Therefore, the group of cylinders will be extremely close to each ofthe'carriers during the scanning thereof, which is desirable in order toform clear images. In the specific example shown, the carriers arelocated between the cylinders and their external focal points. Theexternal focal length of each cylinder may be small and the focal pointsof the cylinders can be located between a carrier and the cylinders.This will produce an inverted virtual image instead of an upright realimage. 7

While I have shown cylinders of relatively large diameter so as to useoptical scanning elements which are generally of the type of thicklenses, I can use cylinders of any diameter, and said diameter may be assmall as is desired. Likewise I can use other optical scanning elementsor members which will have the same functions as the cylinders.

The cylinders magnify the visual elements only in a single plane.However, I do not exclude from the invention other optical elementswhich may magnify in all directions.

Referring to Fig. 8, the respective series of visual elements which aremounted in consecutive order upon a carrier may spell a word when theaforesaid series are scanned consecutively.

In the specific embodiment shown, a relative shift is produced in thesame direction between the various carriers and the cylinders and theshift of one carrier relative to the other carriers, is in the samedirection, in order to change the image which is formed by thecylinders.

It would not bedeparting from the invention if the corresponding panelsupon the various carriers were located so as to require relative shiftsin opposite directions, either between a carrier and the cylinders oramongst the carriers themselves, in order to change the image which isformed by the cylinders. a

For simplicity I have shown a single group or battery of cylinders whichcan be used for forming the image of a single letter. Obviously aplurality of batteries of cylinders can be utilized together with asuitable carrier or carriers so as simultaneously to form the images ofany desired number of letters, thus forming one or more words, or amessage of any kind or of any length.

Likewise any suitable number of carriers can be located in the sameplane instead of being located in different planes as in the specificem;- bodiment disclosed. By having any suitable number of carriers inthe same plane and providing enough batteries of cylinders, the observercan see any desired number of images which may spell out a word ormessage of any desired length.

The carriers may be held stationary relative to the cylinders while animage is being formed and viewed.

Under such circumstances the panel which is illuminated will form partof the image, and light may be passed horizontally through each cylinderat any angle to the reference planes which are indicated by the linesI6-20 in Fig. l.

In using the system to produce images of pictures, monostereoscopicvision can be produced by having the successive visual elements'on theconsecutive panels, respectively left and right. The'general theory ofthis is explained in U. S. Patent No. 1,992,608 issued to me on February26,1935, for Monostereoscopic vision. For example, an object can besimultaneously photographed by two spaced cameras, so as to produce aleft picture and a right picture. Each said picture can then beseparated by using the cylinders into five segments.

Panel 25 could have the first segment of the left, picture. Panel 25acould have the second segment of the right picture. Panel 252) couldhave the third segment of the left picture.

Panel 250 could have the fourth segment of the right picture. Panel 2511could have the fifth segment of the left picture. When an optical imageis formed by the cylinders, monostereoscopic vision is secured.

Fig. 9 shows a pair of films F and F which may be identical in width andwhich are identical in all respects, save that they have difierentpictures or the like recorded thereon.

Fig. 9 shows that each film has longitudinal.

windows or clear spaces X, which extend throughout the'entire length ofthe film. These windows X are preferably free from emulsion so that theyhave maximum light permeability. In this embodiment I have shown threepanels laterally arranged between each pair of windows. In thisembodiment each picture or the like has been separated into four panelsand I use four scanning cylinders, instead of the five scanningcylinders illustrated in Fig. 1.

The visual elements of one picture are located in'the panels 60, 40a,40b, and 400. The visual elements of the next picture in the samelateral row are located in the panels 4|, Ma, ilb, and Me. The visualelements of the next picture of the same lateral row are located in thepanels 42, 42:1,421), and 420. This lateral row is equal in area to theframe A of theordinary motion picture film.

For purposes of illustration and without limard 35 mm. film. That is,the width of the film from one longitudinal edge to the other, includingthe sprocket-holes, is 35 mm. 'The lateral distance between the edges ofthe end-windows X may be about of an inch. The next frame B has threeadditional pictures recorded thereon, the first of said three additionalpictures having its visual elements in the panels 43, 43a, 43b, and 430.The second picture in frame 3 has its visual elements in panels 44-440,.the third picture in frame B has its visual elements in panels 45-450.

The frame C also has three pictures laterally recorded thereon, saidpictures respectively comprising the panels 46-460 inclusive, 41-410inclusive, and 48-480 inclusive. The frames of the rear film F areidentical with the frames of the front film F, save that the pictureswhich are recorded in the rear film are different from the picturesrecorded in the front film.

Referring to Figs. 9-15, it is assumed that the first pictures to bescanned are the three consecutive pictures which are located in theframe C of the film F. Said films F and F are located in verticalplanes, and when either of said films is moved longitudinally, it ismoved vertically downward. The axes of the scanning cylinders Cy arevertical and their axes are aligned with the lines ll-Zil When lateralrelative movement is secured between either of accomplished by movingthe film laterally, while the scanning cylinders remain stationary.Referring to Fig. 9, the three consecutive pictures in frame C arescanned by bodily moving the film F, or a portion thereof, laterallyrelative to the scanning cylinders, in order to consecutively scan thethree pictures located in panels 46-460, 41-410, and 48-480. While thefilm F is moved laterally so as to scan the three pic-, tures in frameC, said film F is not moved longitudinally. In Fig. 11 the bottom of theframe C is shown as being at the same level as the bottom of the frameC. However, in starting the projection of the two films, it ispreferable to have the bottom of the frame C at the same level as thebottom of the frame B. Therefore, while the film F is being movedlaterally ,(but not vertically) in order to scan the frame C, the film Fcan be moved vertically through a distance equal to the height of aframe. During this vertical movement the film F is not moved laterallyso that the windowsX of the film F remain in the same lateral positions.When the pictures of the frame C are scanned, the frames of saidpictures are aligned with the windows X of the front film F. ThereforeFig. 11 shows the position of thefront film F after the pictures is heldagainst longitudinal movement. During:

this lateral scanning movement of the film F, the film F is movedvertically downwardly, but without any lateral movement, throughadistance equal to the height of a frame. Therefore, Fig. 12 shows thelongitudinal positions of the films, after the pictures of the frame Chave been scanned.

Referring to Fig. 9, while the frame C is being scanned, the film F ismoved to the left of the broken-line position shown'in Fig. 9, until allthe windows X of said rear film F are aligned .and the films F and F.

' this embodiment.

While the frame C is being scanned, the film F is moved laterally to theright of the full-line position indicated in Fig. 9, through fourintermittent scanning movements, so that the lateral movement of F isidentical with the lateral movement of F, save that said lateralmovements are respectively in opposite directions. At the completion ofthe lateral scanning movement of the frame C, the four left-hand windowsit; gt; film F are aligned with the optical axes While the frame C isbeing scanned, the film F is moved downwardly and without any lateralmovement until the frame B is in the scanning position, as shown in Fig.12. The film F is now moved laterally back to the broken-line positionillustrated in Fig. 9, in the same series of four intermittent scanningmovements, so as to scan the three pictures in frame B and finally tolocate, the film F relative to the scanning cylinders, and in the samelateral relative position which is indicated in Fig. 9 in which the fourright-hand windows X of film F are aligned with the optical axes "-20.

Each film is therefore moved laterally to-andfro and it is also given anintermittent longitudinal movement.

During each lateral movement of each film,

said film is given four intermittent movements, in order to makeallowance for the fifth window X.

The embodiment shown in Fig. 9 does not require the use of a shutterbecause the panels are so narrow. Likewise it is not necessary to use agate. Reference is made to application Serial No. 189,068 filed in theUnited States Patent Office on Februaryflth, 1938, as showing thedifferent relative positions between the cylinders However, in thisembodiment the scanning cylinders Cy are preferably maintainedstationary and the films F and F are moved laterally relative to saidcylinders, in order to successively expose the pictures which arerecorded in each frame.

The embodiment of Figs. 9-15 cannot be used with continuous longitudinalmovement of the films, although the use of agate anda shutter can beeliminated.

When the film F is in the broken-line position shown in Fig. 9, thepanel 45 will be to the right of the second window X of the front filmF. The panel 46a will be to the right of the third window X, the panel461) will be to the right of the fourth window X, and the panel 450 willbe to the right of the fifth or end window X. When the film F,

is given its first intermittent movement toward the left, the fourpanels 46-460 will be respectively aligned with the second, third,fourth and fifth windows X of the front film F. The next intermittentlateral movement of the film F will move the panels 45J6o respectivelyto the left of the second, third, fourth and fifth windows X'of thefront film F, and the panels 47-47a will now be aligned with the second,third, fourth and fifth windows X of the front film F. The thirdintermittent lateral movement of the film F will align the panels 48-480with the second, third, fourth and fifth windows of the front film F.During the fourth intermittent lateral movement of the film F to theleft, the film F issimultaneously given its first intermittent movementtowards the set of panels 58-500 inclusive.

right, so that at the completion of the fourth lateral movement of thefilm F, the five windows of the films F and F will be aligned. Thisexplains the reason for having five windows X, although each frame hasonly. three pictures recorded therein. Therefore, while each film isbeing moved through its last lateral movement in a given direction, theother film is moved reversely through its first intermittent lateralmovement.

Fig. 16 shows a single film, in which there are preferably no blankspaces or windows, although such blank spaces or windows can be used. Inscanning this film the axes of the four scanning cylinders are heldvertical. For convenience, it can be assumed that the distance betweenthe optical centres of adjacent cylinders is equal to of an inch. Inscanning or projecting said film, itis moved in a direction parallelto-the arrow which is shown in Fig. 16. A loose portion of the film canbe guided through the scanning position in the inclined directionindicated by the arrow shown in Fig. 16. Since the film F shown in Fig.16 is moved continuously, sprocket holes and the usual sprocket feed canbe eliminated so that the film F is given a longitudinal movement ofconstant speed in the direction of said arrow. However, sprocket holesand the usual sprocket drive can be used'if desired, and in such casethe sprockets are driven constantly at uniformspeed. The film hasparallel longitudinal edges which are parallel to said arrow and it isof uniform width throughout. I

Fig. 16 shows four panels 50, 50a, 50b and 500, whose tops and bottomsare on the same respective horizontal lines. These four panelscorrespond to a single picture. The next consecutive picture has panels5|, 51a, 51b and Me. The panels are of the same height and width throughout and they are'also equally spaced from each other. The axes of thepanels are vertical so that they are inclined to the longitudinal edgesof the film, which are parallel to the arrow shown in Fig. 16. Each setof four panels is therefore located in a rectangle so that the endpanels have vertical edges which are close to and which are The secondset of panels 5la-5lc inclusive are equally and vertically offsetrelative to the first Assuming by way of example that the height of eachpanel is of an inch and that'the distance between the optical centres ofadjacent cylinders is A; of an inch, the arrow of Fig. 16 is parallel tothe hypothenuse of a triangle whose height is equal to the height of apanel and whose horizontal leg is equal to 1 5' of an inch.

The distance of of an inch is thus calculated because in the embodimentshown in Fig. 16 there are four sets of panels along a horizontal line,namely, the first set 50-50c, the second set 5la-5lc, the third set52-520, and the fourth set 53-530. The heights of the cylinders may begreater than of an inch. While a gate is not necessary, such gate couldbe used and such gate could have a height of of an inch and a width ofof an inch as in the example previously given. Under such conditions thedistance between the left-hand edge of panel 50a. and the right-handedge of panel 500 would be equal to of an inch, less approximately 1% ofan inch. Therefore as the film is moved, each set of panels is movedboth downwardly and also laterally relative to the cylinders so thatwhen the scanning of one set of panels is completed, the scanning of thenext set of panels begins. That is, when the .45 inclined to thelongitudinal edges of the film.

panels 50-50:: have been moved laterally until their scanning has beencompleted, the scanning of the next set of panels l-5lc will begin. Inthe example given, each set of panels is longitudinally the verticalcylinder.

offset relative to their preceding panels, by of an inch, since thereare four sets of panels. Instead of using sets of four panels across thefilm, I can use a much greater number, so as to diminish the movement ofthe projected picture on the screen to such an extent as to make saidmovement substantially imperceptible.

Comparing Fig. 17 with Figs. 6, 8 and 16, the longitudinal panelsillustrated in said figures have been modified by reducing their height,but without changing their width. Therefore, in order to produce panelscorresponding to the A which is shown in Fig. '7 of the drawings herein,I use two sets of cylinders, the cylinders of one set being crossedrelative to the cylinders of the other set. As shown in Fig. 18, I canuse five vertical cylinders having their axes on the lines iii-28, and Ican use several horizontal cylinders having their optical axes 'on thelines ill-l6. Thenumber of cylinders in either set can be varied asdesired. Therefore the panel I!) shown in Fig. 6

has been divided into sub-panels 101240?) inclusive, which are shown inFig. 18. The panel H of Fig. 6 is likewise sub-divided into sub-panelsIla-I Ie inclusive. The panel i2 of Fig. 6 is subdivided into sub-panelsiZb-iZd inclusive. Since element 12a of Fig. 6 is relatively short, itis not broken up into sub-panels, but it is merely reduced in height.The panel or element Id of Fig. 6 is divided into sub-panels Ida/4G6 andthe panel or element l5 of Fig. 6 is divided into sub-panels ltd-ltd.

Likewise, the panels shown in Fig. 16 can be divided into sub-panels,each row of sub-panels being arranged along the same vertical lines.

Referring to Fig. 18, it is clear that the subpanels of additionalpictures could be located between the vertically spaced sub-panels shownin Fig. 18. Therefore the sub-division of the panels into sub-panelsmakes it possible to record more pictures on a film of the type shown inFig. 16.

In scanning a film having a sub-panels of the type shown in Fig. 18, Iutilize the same arrangement of crossed cylinders, which was originallyutilized for breaking up the original pictures into sub-panels, in orderto print said sub-panels upon the film.

Fig. 20 illustrates the scanning of the subpanel lid of Fig. 18 by meansof a vertical cylinder having its axis on the line H, and a horizontalcylinder having its axis on the line M. The horizontal cylinderislocated between the film and If desired, the vertical cylinder canbelocated between the film and the horizontal cylinders. In thearrangement shown in Fig. 20, element lid is vertically enlarged to thearea 14d by the horizontal cylinder, and said area 14d is enlarged andalso turned, so as to produce an image whose area and position areindicated by Nd. As shown inFig. 18, the element lld has a generalL-shape and in Fig. 18 the leg of the L is shown at the left of itsvertical portion. Fig. 20 shows the leg of'the enlarged image at theright of its vertical portion, thus indicating the left-to-rightreversal which is secured by the combination of thecylinders.

Fig. 19 shows how the crossed cylinders cause the light rays whichilluminate the film, to

converge to the optical center PI of the projection lens system.

projected image on the screen, which is produced by a vertical movementof the film relative to the scanning cylinders, during the scanning ofa. picture. While this applies particularly to Fig. 16, it also appliesto other embodiments. During the scanning of each picture, the imagethereof moves vertically through a distance equal to the verticaldistance between the points I00 and HM.

Likewise, the lateral movements. of the films shown in Fig. 9 produceapparent vertical shifts of the image on the screen, the shift of oneimage being from the point I to the point I0 I the shift of the nextimage being from the point lllta. to the point Mia. The shift of eachconsecutive image on the screen can be made extremely slight bysub-dividing each picture into a sufilciently large number of panels orsub-panels, so

i that thereis no objectionable flickering effect.

In using crossed cylinders, it is not necessary that the angles betweenthe axes of the respective series of crossed cylinders shouldbe constantor that said angle should be a right angle. This angle can be variedduring the projection of a continuously moving film of the typeillustrated in Fig. 16, as varied according to Fig. 1'7. By incliningthe axes i848 to the axes IQ-l6,

the crossed axes define four-sided figures having acute and obtuseangles.

When a cylinder is used for scanning a film,

the width of the zone which is scanned is much less than the diameter ofthe cylinder as shown in Fig. 1. Therefore the spaces between the panelswhich are scanned simultaneously by a series of cylinders, are muchwider than the panels themselves.

For-convenience in describing the invention, it will be assumed that thevarious films or carriers are located in a vertical plane or planes,although the invention is not to be limited to this feature. ConsideringFig. 16 for example, this shows the film adapted to be exhibited bycontinuous movement along a predetermined line.. Each picture on saidfilm consists of a series of panels. Each series of panels is offsetfrom the panels of the preceding series both horizontally andvertically, so that each direction of offset is inclined to thedirection of predetermined movement. l

The panels may be of any shape, depending upon the nature of the opticalscanning or projecting means, and it is particularly noted that theinvention is not limited to the use ofcylin- .riers F and F arelight-permeable and each said carrier has a longitudinal series offrames. Each frame has a series of pictures of said succession recordedtherein in the form of a lateral series of laterally spaced panels foreach picture. For ex-' ample, the panels 33, @311, 33b and 30 compriselaterally spaced panels which are arranged in the frame B so as to forma lateral series of laterally spaced panels for the respective picture.

The corresponding, panels of each picture are arranged in' lateralproximity in each frame to form a sub-series. For example, the panels48, ts and $5 in panel B are the corresponding panels of the threepictures which are recorded in'panel B and said panels 4345 are arrangedto form a sub-series. These sub-series are laterally spaced from eachother.

For example, the sub-series Mat-45a is spaced laterally from thesub-series 43-65 and from the sub-series filth-65b.

Each -frame of each carrier, excluding the first frame of the successionof pictures, has pictures 75 which are intermediate those pictures ofthe succession which are recorded in a pair of adjacent frames of theother carrier. For example, the frame C has three pictures which areintermediate the pictures of frame C and the frame B. Each said carrierF and F has longitudinal window spaces X which are intermediate thesubseries 4345, 43a-45a, 43b-45b, 430-450, and there are also additionalwindow spaces at the lefthand side of the edge sub-series 43-45 and atthe right-hand side of the edge sub-series lac-45c.

The improved film's diclosed herein can be made by photographicallyprinting .an ordinary negative motion picture For example, thefirstframe of the conventional negative can be printed'on the positiveshown in Fig. 16, in the form of panels 50-500, by using cylinders orother optical means, together with a suitable siitted mask, soas'optically to break up the first frame of the negative, 1nt0.saidseparated panels. The total area of panels Ell-50c is much smaller thanthe area of the frame of the negative. The positive film can then beshifted longitudinally, and the next frame of the negative will be tivein the form of panels Sl-Blc.

This is preferable, instead of using optical cans in conjunctionwith themotion picture camera, to produce directly a negative of the type shownin Fig. 16.

This explanation applies to the production of the other types of filmsor carriers disclosed herein. These may be printed from ordinary,

continuous pictures, or said films can be produced directly by means ofa camera having the necessary optical elements.

These optical elements may be ordinary lenses. However, the use of atleast one series of cylinders is preferred. 1

In photographically printing a negative of the type shown in Fig. 7, toproduce a positive of the type shown in Fig. 6, the negative print andthe positive film can be caused to contact with an intermediate seriesof cylinders, and light will then be passed throgh the negative and thecylinders, so as to print spaced panels on the positive, of the typeshown in Fig. 6. This method can be used for photographically printingthe positives shown in the other figures.

In illuminating the negative for photographically printing a positive, Iprefer to use one or more ordinary lamps, whose distance from thenegative greatly exceeds the size of any side of the frame.

As shown in Fig. 19, a series of optical elements may be formed bymolding a single block of glass, so that the optical elements are notcomplete cylinders. Each of the end optical elements has a singleplanarface and the other-optical elements have two planar faces. Such blockscan be used whenever I have referred to the use of 'one or more sets ofcylinders.

Fig. 19 also illustrates how a positive can be printed from a negative.The source of light, at the point Pl, produces diverging light rays, asshown in Fig. 19, The film F could be a positive film on which thenegative is to be printed. The

negative could be located at the right-hand side be converged by theoptical elements to form separated panels whose centers are on the lineswhich diverge from point Pl.

printed on the posi- It is clearthat a frame of standard size whichoccupies substantially the entire width of the ordinary film between therows of sprocket-holes, can be reduced in width by using a cylinder, soas to print a frame on a panel or area of the second film, so that thepanel or area of the second film will occupy I only a portion of thewidth of the second film. This can be done without separating thestandard frame into separated panels. By using a suitable lens orcombination of lenses while photographically printing a positive filmfrom a negative film, each standard frame of the negative can be reducedin height as well as in width, in printing the corresponding panel orarea on the second film.

Fig. 22 shows a film having parallel side edges and 8| and having aseries of frames F which may be panels or areas of any desired shape,but which are greatly reduced in size in comparison with the standardframe. For example, if .the standard frame has a width of M; of an inchand a height of of an inch, the frame F"can have a width of of an inchand a height of of axis located at the'point 82, and the film is movedrelative to said lensor the like in the direction of the arrow shown inFig. 22, theframes F can be consecutively scanned and projected. Theseframes'can be so small as to make it possible to move the filmcontinuously and without the use of a shutter. Fig. 22 thereforeillustrates the principle of operation of the embodiment shown in Fig.16 and in Fig. 17. For example in Fig. 16 the line which is indicated bythe arrow is parallel to a line which passes through the lowerright-hand corners of the group of panels 50, 5i and 52.

-It is preferable to break up each frame into a plurality. of separatedpanels or areas, which may-be of any size or shape, instead of merelyreducing the standard frame to a single smaller area. By dividing eachstandard frame into a plurality of panels or areas, much greaterreduction in size can .be secured and in addition ob- Jectionableflickering or the like is eliminated much better by using the embodimentshown-in Figs. 16, 1'7 and 18, instead of using the embodiment of Fig.22.

Likewise it is also highly preferable to use a cylinder or crossedcylinders in dividing the standard frame into separated panels or areas,and in scanning said panels or areas, if the width of such panel orarea. is much less than the diameter of the cylinder, as illustrated inFig. 1. Referring to Fig. 1, a very slight shift of the panel or arearelative to the cylinder moves the panel or area out of the effectivescanning zone of the cylinder.

In Fig. 8 I have shown the respective panels or areas of a plurality ofvisual elements, the panels or areas of one area being wholly separatedfrom the panels or areas of the other visual elements. However, thisdepends upon the characters or letters which are being used, and in somecases it is possible to have some of the areas abutting each other.

It it to be understood that in Fig, 16 the panels are shown inexaggerated size, in order to illustrate the principle of the inventiondiagrammatir the left and it is turned clockwise about a horically. Inactual practice the total areas of the separated panels of the frame canbe equal to from four per cent to five per cent of the area of theoriginal standard frame, or evenless. That is, the panels 50, 50a, 50band 500 can be greatly reduced in height by using the crossed cylindershown in Fig. 18 and likewise the width of the panel can be subdividedinto more than four panels.

In Figs. 6, 17, 21 and wherever desired, consecutive pictures may bealternately left and righ so as to produce monostereoscopic scanning andprojection.

In taking pictures by means of a motion camera having a single lens, inorder to make a monostereoscopic positive, the camera is shifted betweensuccessive exposures, in order to take left and right picturesalternately.

After the camera has been focussed, the camera can be shifted bodilytowards the right, and the camera is also turned counterclockwise abouta horizontal axis, in order to take the first picture. The camera isthen moved bodily towards izontal axis, to take the second picture. Thisshifting of the camera is continued, so that successive left and rightpictures are taken at different angles relative to the object.

By reducing the size of the standard frame, I can project from 48 .to'72 pictures per second and even more, without increasing the footage orthe positive film. This very rapid projection is facilitated by thesmooth continuous movement of the film and the elimination of a shutter.

I claim:

1. A motion picture film adapted to be projected by continuous motionalong a single line of predetermined movement, said film having a seriesof consecutive pictures recorded thereon, each said picture beingrecorded on said film in the form of a series of panels, each panel ofsaid series corresponding to a portion of a single picture, the centersof panels of each series being spaced from each other along apredetermined line which is inclined to said line of predeterminedmovement, said predetermined lines being parallel to each other thepanels of each series being ofiset relative to the panels of thepreceding picture in two directions, one of said directions beingparallel to said predetermined lines and the other direction beingperpendicular to said predetermined lines, said line of movement beingparallel to a line which joins corresponding points of a panel of oneseries and the next adjacent panel of the next series.

2. A motion picture film adapted to be projected by continuous motionalong a single line of predetermined movement, said film having a seriesof consecutive pictures recorded thereon, each said picture beingrecorded on said film in the form of a series of panels which areseparated from each other, each panel of each series corresponding to aportion of a single picture each said series of panels being locatedwithin a rectangle whose sides are inclined to said line" ofpredetermined movement, the panels of each series being offset relativeto the panels of the preceding picture along two ofiset lines which areinclined to said line of predetermined movement, each seriesof panelshaving their centres located on a predetermined line, said predeterminedlines being parallel to each other, and being inclined to said line ofpredetermined movement, one of said ofiset lines being parallel to saidpredetermined lines, the other offset line being perpendicular to saidpredetermined lines.

3. In combination with a series of equal cylinders having parallel axes,a film adapted to be moved continuously relative to said cylinders in asingle direction inclined to said axes, said film having a series ofconsecutive pictures recorded thereon, each said picture being recordedon said film in the form of a series of panels which are separated fromeach other along a predetermined line which is perpendicular to saidaxes, each panel of each said series corresponding to a portion of therespective picture of said series, said predetermined lines beingparallel to each other and being inclined to 'said direction ofmovement, the panels of each picture beingoffset relative to the panelsof the preceding picture along a line which is perpendicular to saidaxes and also in a direction parallel to said axes, the panels ofconsecutive series being located on the fil'm so that the cylinders scanthe panels of a respective picture after the scanning of the panels ofthe preceding picture has been. completed.

4. In combination with a first series of cylinders having parallel axesand a second series of cylinders which also have parallel axes, the axesof the second series crossing the axes of the first series, a motionpicture film adapted to be projected by continuous movement in a singlepredetermined direction which is inclined to both said series of axes,said film having a series of consecutive pictures recorded thereon, eachsaid picture being recorded on said film in the form of a series ofpanels which are spaced from each other, each panel of eachseries'corresponding to a portion of the respective picture of saidseries, the centers of the panels of the respective series being spacedalong respective parallel lines which are inclined to said direction ofmovement, the panels of each series being offset relative to the panelsof the preceding picture, said panels being shaped and located on saidfilm so that the two sets of cylinders consecutively scan consecutivepictures when the film is moved continuously in said predetermineddirection.

5. A motion picture film adapted to be pro jected by continuous motionalong a line of predetermined movement, said film having a series ofconsecutive pictures recorded thereon, each said picture being recordedon said film in the form of a series of panels, each panel of eachseries corresponding to a portion of the respective picture of theseries, the panels of each series being spaced from each other alongrespective parallel lines which are inclined to said line ofpredetermined movement, the panels of each series being ofiset relativeto the panels of the preceding picture in two directions, each of whichis inclined to said line of predetermined movement,

the areas of the film intermediate the spaced' panels of a picture beinggreater than the areasto said cylinders along a single predeterminedline of movement, said carrier having a plurality of visual elementsrecorded thereon, each said visual element being recorded on saidcarrier in the form of a series of spaced panels which are shaped andlocated so that said cylinders can simultaneously scan the panels of asingle selected visual element, each panel of each series correspondingto a portion of the respective visual element of the series, the centresof the panels of each series being located along a predetermined line,said predetermined lines being inclined to the line of predeterminedmovement, the areas of the film intermediate the panels of a singlevisual element being greater than the areas of said panels of a singlevisual element.

7. A film having a longitudinal axis and having a succession of picturesrecorded thereon, each picture being recorded in the form of a series oflaterally separated panels, each panel corresponding to a portion 01 therespective picture of the series, the centers of the panels or eachseries being located along respective parallel lines which are inclinedto said longitudinal axis.

.8. In combination with a series of cylinders having parallel axes, acarrier movable relative to said cylinders along a single predeterminedline of movement, said carrier having a plurality of visual elementsrecorded thereon, each said 20 Visual element being recorded on saidcarrier in the formof a series of spaced panels which are shaped andlocated so that said cylinders can simultaneously scan the panels of asingle selected visual element, each panel of each series correspondingto a portion ofthe respective visual element of said series, the areasof the film intermediate the panels of a single visual element beinggreater than the areas of said panels of a single visual element, saidintermediate areas so having the panels of visual elements other thanthe visual element which is being scanned by said cylinders, so that thepanels in said intermediateareas are unscanned while the cylindersdirection of movement.

ment, the centres or the panels of the respective series being locatedon respective parallel lines which are inclined to said line ofmovement.

9. In combination with a series of optical scanning members, a carriermovable relative'to said scanning members in a single predetermineddirection, said carrier having a plurality of visual elements recordedthereon, each said visual element being recorded on said carrier in theform of a series of spaced panels which are shaped and located so thatsaid optical members can simultaneously scan the panels of a. singleselected visual element each panel Of' 8-Ch series corresponding to aportion of the, respective visual element, said optical scanning membersbeing shaped and located to magnify the panels of each into asubstantially continuous image of the respeztive visual element, theareas of the filmintermediate the panels of a. single visual elementbeing greater than the areas of the panels of a single visual element,said, intermediate .areas having the panels of visual elements otherthan the visual element which is scanned by said'optical members duringa single scanning, so that the panels in said intermediate areas areunscannecl while the-cylinders scan the panels of a selected singlevisual element, the centres of the panelsof the respective series beinglocated along re spective parallel lines which are inclined to the JACOBZ. DENWSON.

.scan the panels of a'selected single visual ele-

